%PDF-1.3
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3 0 obj
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/Length 24058
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stream
1.000 g
/GS2 gs
36.000 815.000 m
36.000 815.000 l
f
q
1 i
34.000 816.000 1136.000 -782.000 re
36.500 815.000 m
W n
0.500 851.000 1204.500 -851.000 re
W n
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 k
/GS3 gs
28.030 820.670 1163.510 -807.030 re
36.500 815.000 m
f*
Q
q
1 i
28.030 820.670 1163.510 -807.030 re
W* n
34.000 816.000 1136.000 -782.000 re
36.500 815.000 m
W n
0.500 851.000 1204.500 -851.000 re
W n
q 1 0 0 1 36 36 cm /Fm1 Do Q
Q
q
1 i
34.000 816.000 1136.000 -782.000 re
36.500 815.000 m
W n
0.500 851.000 1204.500 -851.000 re
W n
BT
/F6 1 Tf
8.85 0 0 8.85 861.201 52.7733 Tm
0.000 1.000 0.910 0.000 k
0.0556 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(REPTILIA)Tj
ET
0.000 1.000 0.910 0.000 K
0 J 0 j 0.521 w 10 M []0 d
885.220 60.720 m
909.240 60.720 l
912.018 60.720 914.270 58.468 914.270 55.690 c
914.270 52.922 912.018 50.670 909.240 50.670 c
861.200 50.670 l
858.422 50.670 856.170 52.922 856.170 55.700 c
856.170 58.468 858.422 60.720 861.200 60.720 c
h
898.582 52.773 m
S
BT
/F5 1 Tf
8.7 0 0 8.7 899.8262 52.8904 Tm
0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 k
/GS3 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(67)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 643.9664 772.4476 Tm
0.0004 Tw
(The CITES Nomenclature Committee does not adopt)Tj
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
-0.0003 Tc
-0.0044 Tw
(Kluges proposal because it seems to cause more misun-)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.3717 Tw
[(derstanding than understanding. Zoogeographically)]TJ
T*
0.0081 Tw
[(speaking, it is rather strange to have a genus distributed)]TJ
T*
0.2762 Tw
[(only in California and West Africa \(HOOGMOED,)]TJ
T*
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(2003\).)Tj
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0049 Tc
0.1943 Tw
[(Finally, an interesting phylogenetic study based on)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.1772 Tw
[(the sequence of portions of two mitochondrial genes)]TJ
T*
0.1144 Tw
[(\(12S and 16S ribosomal RNA\) has demonstrated that)]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 635.4625 663.7275 Tm
0.0000 Tw
(Calabaria)Tj
10 0 0 10 683.0347 663.7275 Tm
0.2350 Tw
[(could be more closely related to the uro-)]TJ
-4.7572 -1.208 TD
0.1789 Tw
[(peltid genus )]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 694.6968 651.6475 Tm
0.0000 Tw
(Rhinophis)Tj
10 0 0 10 744.5035 651.6475 Tm
0.1789 Tw
[(than to either boa or python)]TJ
-10.9041 -1.208 TD
0.2023 Tw
[(genera \(HEISE et al., 1995\). This suggests that the)]TJ
T*
-0.0164 Tw
[(family Boidae needs a thorough overall revision includ-)]TJ
T*
0.1258 Tw
[(ing molecular analysis. It is evident that the possible)]TJ
T*
0.3155 Tw
(relationship between the African burrowing python)Tj
T*
0.0577 Tw
[(and the subfamily Erycinae remains to be demonstrat-)]TJ
T*
0.0203 Tw
[(ed, and most scientists therefore prefer to maintain the)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
(old system.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 635.4625 542.9275 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
0.0277 Tw
[(Distribution, habitat, and climate)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 643.9664 530.8475 Tm
0.1223 Tw
[(The African burrowing python is present in western)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0118 Tc
0.3632 Tw
[(tropical Africa, where it is widespread across the)]TJ
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.2833 Tw
[(Liberia-Congo rainforest belt. It is found in Sierra)]TJ
T*
0.0077 Tc
0.3673 Tw
[(Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin,)]TJ
T*
0.0125 Tc
0.3625 Tw
[(Nigeria, Cameroon, the Central African Republic,)]TJ
T*
0.0199 Tc
0.4845 Tw
[(Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Congo, and the)]TJ
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.0251 Tw
[(Democratic Republic of the Congo \(Zaire\).)]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.1788 Tw
[(It inhabits the leaf-covered ground of tropical rain-)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0076 Tc
0.3674 Tw
[(forests and overgrown cultivated areas with dense)]TJ
T*
-0.0005 Tc
-0.0044 Tw
(undergrowth. In a recent study in southeastern Nigeria,)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.2719 Tw
[(ANGELICI et al. \(2000\) found )]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 786.868 410.0475 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Calabaria)Tj
10 0 0 10 834.3092 410.0475 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
0.2718 Tw
[(mainly in)]TJ
-19.8847 -1.208 TD
0.0053 Tw
[(thick forest, swamp forest, and also in clearings and cul-)]TJ
T*
0.0083 Tw
[(tivated areas, especially during the wet season it bur-)]TJ
T*
0.0141 Tw
[(rows into decaying leaves and soil, and also inhabits the)]TJ
T*
0.2728 Tw
[(burrows of small mammals, seeming to prefer more)]TJ
T*
-0.0058 Tw
[(superficial rather than deep underground galleries. The)]TJ
T*
0.1970 Tw
[(same study demonstrated that the African burrowing)]TJ
T*
0.1774 Tw
[(python often takes shelter in termite nests, especially)]TJ
T*
0.0116 Tw
[(near forested areas and during the dry season. It is also)]TJ
T*
-0.0294 Tw
[(found climbing among small bushes and fallen branches.)]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0213 Tw
[(The climate in the range of )]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 764.6746 289.2475 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Calabaria)Tj
10 0 0 10 809.6103 289.2475 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
0.0213 Tw
[(is characterized)]TJ
-17.4148 -1.208 TD
0.0820 Tw
[(by alternating wet and dry seasons, with a correspond-)]TJ
T*
0.0199 Tc
0.6262 Tw
[(ing but less notable variation of temperature.)]TJ
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.1850 Tw
[(Generally, the dry season is from November through)]TJ
T*
0.0156 Tw
(April, and the rainy season from May through October.)Tj
T*
0.0073 Tc
0.3677 Tw
[(Temperatures rise from October to February, and)]TJ
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.0827 Tw
[(remain at their highest from March to May. Naturally)]TJ
25.9018 36.24 TD
0.0368 Tw
[(there is some variation, and the more northern areas of)]TJ
0 -1.208 TD
0.0251 Tw
[(the range are generally drier than the coastal areas. )]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
-0.0130 Tw
[(Most imported African burrowing pythons come from)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0755 Tw
[(Togo and Benin. It is therefore useful to know that in)]TJ
T*
0.1733 Tw
[(northern Benin the main wet season is between June)]TJ
T*
0.1666 Tw
[(and October, whereas in the south there are two wet)]TJ
T*
0.0428 Tw
[(seasons: early April to mid-July, and mid-September to)]TJ
T*
0.0958 Tw
[(late October. In the north, the temperature can reach)]TJ
T*
0.0077 Tw
[(46C \(115F\); in the south, it stays between 18 and 35C)]TJ
T*
0.0180 Tw
[(\(6495F\). Throughout the country, the hottest months)]TJ
T*
0.0004 Tc
0.0044 Tw
(are March to June. Similarly, in Togo, the wet season is)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.0528 Tw
[(from May to October, with a dry interlude in the south)]TJ
T*
0.3287 Tw
[(between mid-July and mid-September. The hottest)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(period in Togo is from mid-February to mid-April.)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 894.4803 397.9675 Tm
0.0277 Tw
(Little-known biology)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 902.9843 385.8875 Tm
0.0049 Tc
0.0759 Tw
[(Many aspects of the biology of )]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 1044.0773 385.8875 Tm
(Calabaria reinhardtii)Tj
10 0 0 10 894.4803 373.8075 Tm
0.0858 Tw
[(are still little known. This subterranean species is shy)]TJ
T*
-0.0341 Tw
[(and elusive, and mostly nocturnal. It burrows under the)]TJ
T*
0.1770 Tw
[(moist soil, humus, and leaves, where it likes to hide.)]TJ
T*
-0.0156 Tw
[(These factors make it difficult to study the behaviour of)]TJ
T*
0.3153 Tw
[(the African burrowing python. Nonetheless recent)]TJ
T*
0.1130 Tw
[(research has probed into many aspects of this snakes)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
(mysterious biology.)Tj
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.2819 Tw
[(In southeastern Nigeria, ANGELICI et al. \(2000\))]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.3661 Tw
[(used radiotracking to study the African burrowing)]TJ
T*
0.1741 Tw
[(python, and found the snakes below ground in more)]TJ
T*
-0.0273 Tw
[(than 80% of locations, during both dry and wet seasons.)]TJ
T*
0.0239 Tw
[(The mean daily movement rate appears to be higher in)]TJ
T*
-0.0268 Tw
[(males than in females, without evident seasonal change.)]TJ
T*
0.0075 Tc
0.3725 Tw
(These first examined biological aspects suggest an)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
8.85 0 0 8.85 294.2718 52.7733 Tm
0.000 1.000 0.910 0.000 k
/GS2 gs
0.0556 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(REPTILIA)Tj
ET
318.290 60.720 m
342.310 60.720 l
345.088 60.720 347.340 58.468 347.340 55.690 c
347.340 52.922 345.088 50.670 342.310 50.670 c
294.270 50.670 l
291.492 50.670 289.240 52.922 289.240 55.700 c
289.240 58.468 291.492 60.720 294.270 60.720 c
h
331.652 52.773 m
S
BT
/F5 1 Tf
8.7 0 0 8.7 332.897 52.8904 Tm
0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 k
/GS3 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(66)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 2.1256 10 111.2682 397.9675 Tm
-0.0101 Tc
0.1612 Tw
[(Calabaria reinhardtii)]TJ
10 0 0 10 205.6329 397.9675 Tm
[(\(Schlegel, 1851\) is com-)]TJ
-9.4365 -1.208 TD
0.2520 Tw
(monly called the African burrowing python.)Tj
T*
0.1243 Tw
[(Other names are frequently used as well \(see)]TJ
T*
0.1058 Tw
[(Table 1\), most of them also incorporating the)]TJ
T*
0.1030 Tw
[(word python. However, the relationship of)]TJ
-4.4087 -1.208 TD
0.0651 Tw
[(this species to others of the subfamily Pythoninae is cur-)]TJ
T*
-0.0001 Tw
(rently disputed among herpetologists, as will be discussed)Tj
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(later in this article.)]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0736 Tw
[(In Nigeria, the Efik people, predominant ethnic group)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0741 Tw
[(in the southeastern region of the country, call this snake)]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 67.1811 277.1675 Tm
0.1052 Tw
(iwod iba)Tj
10 0 0 10 104.3847 277.1675 Tm
0.1051 Tw
[(. In pidgin English it is called snake with two)]TJ
-3.7204 -1.208 TD
-0.0224 Tw
[(heads, or sometimes rainbow snake \(LUISELLI, pers.)]TJ
T*
0.0431 Tw
[(comm.\). In Cameroon, this strange snake is well known,)]TJ
T*
0.3416 Tw
[(and some people believe it causes young women to)]TJ
T*
0.0252 Tw
(become pregnant.)Tj
0.8504 -1.208 TD
-0.0151 Tc
-0.0209 Tw
[(The genus name )]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 146.4265 216.7675 Tm
-0.0150 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Calabaria)Tj
10 0 0 10 189.4401 216.7675 Tm
-0.0151 Tc
-0.0209 Tw
[(derives from Calabar, a town)]TJ
-12.2259 -1.208 TD
0.1103 Tw
[(with an active port near where the Calabar River enters)]TJ
T*
0.0651 Tw
[(the Cross River estuary in southeastern Nigeria, and cur-)]TJ
T*
0.0987 Tw
[(rently the capital of Cross River State. Historically, Old)]TJ
T*
0.1933 Tw
[(Calabar was an important trading state and one of the)]TJ
T*
0.1216 Tw
[(countrys earliest contacts with Europeans, growing dur-)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(ing the 19th century as a hub of the palm oil trade.)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 67.1811 120.1275 Tm
-0.0113 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Description)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 75.685 108.0475 Tm
-0.0101 Tc
-0.0162 Tw
[(The African burrowing python is an unusual snake with)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.2088 Tw
[(a cylindrical body, head, and tail, all of fairly uniform)]TJ
T*
-0.0360 Tw
[(diameter. The head is small and not set off from the body,)]TJ
25.937 31.408 TD
-0.0001 Tc
-0.0326 Tw
[(such that it surprisingly resembles the tail. The eyes are)]TJ
0 -1.208 TD
0.1954 Tw
[(small with vertical pupils, and have the same brown)]TJ
T*
0.0006 Tw
(colour as the surrounding scales. The small mouth, not)Tj
T*
0.1795 Tw
[(suited to large prey, is inconspicuous. There are no)]TJ
T*
0.1016 Tw
[(heat-sensitive pits. The scales are glossy and smooth,)]TJ
T*
-0.0273 Tw
[(and a projecting rostral area aids in burrowing. The tail)]TJ
T*
0.1838 Tw
[(is blunt and very short. The dorsum and flanks are)]TJ
T*
0.0342 Tw
[(blackish-brown, brown, or reddish-brown, with lighter,)]TJ
T*
0.1079 Tw
[(reddish or yellowish flecks and irregular blotches; the)]TJ
T*
0.0130 Tw
[(head and tail are generally darker. The belly is grey or)]TJ
T*
0.3375 Tw
[(brown, and may have some brown blotches. The)]TJ
T*
0.2307 Tw
(African burrowing python can reach a maximum of)Tj
T*
0.0252 Tw
(80100 centimetres.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 326.5512 228.8475 Tm
-0.0112 Tc
0.0000 Tw
[(T)73.9(axonomy)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 2.1256 10 335.0551 216.7675 Tm
-0.0100 Tc
(Calabaria)Tj
10 0 0 10 378.6192 216.7675 Tm
-0.0159 Tw
[(is a monotypic genus whose taxonomic posi-)]TJ
-5.2068 -1.208 TD
-0.0164 Tw
[(tion is currently unresolved. KLUGE \(1993\) proposed a)]TJ
T*
0.0584 Tw
[(taxonomic review of )]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 417.123 192.6075 Tm
[(Calabaria reinhardtii)]TJ
10 0 0 10 506.4491 192.6075 Tm
[(. He believes)]TJ
-17.9898 -1.208 TD
0.1341 Tw
[(it is more closely related to members of the subfamily)]TJ
T*
0.0964 Tw
[(Erycinae, the sand boas, and should be assigned to the)]TJ
T*
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(genus )Tj
10 0 2.1256 10 355.6397 156.3675 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
(Charina)Tj
10 0 0 10 394.7259 156.3675 Tm
0.1583 Tw
[( thus becoming )]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 477.5262 156.3675 Tm
0.1582 Tw
(Charina reinhardtii)Tj
10 0 0 10 562.7305 156.3675 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(,)Tj
-23.6179 -1.208 TD
-0.0101 Tc
0.0720 Tw
[(the African burrowing boa. But other herpetologists)]TJ
T*
0.1012 Tw
[(think that many of the characteristics this snake shares)]TJ
T*
0.0189 Tw
[(with the Erycinae could be simply adaptations to a simi-)]TJ
T*
0.0280 Tw
[(lar subterranean lifestyle, and therefore the genus name)]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 326.5512 95.9675 Tm
0.0000 Tw
(Calabaria )Tj
10 0 0 10 369.9279 95.9675 Tm
-0.0347 Tw
[(should be retained. In fact, Kluges system has)]TJ
-4.3377 -1.208 TD
0.0252 Tw
[(been followed only by McDIARMID et al. \(1999\).)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
8.7 0 0 8.7 332.897 52.8904 Tm
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 k
/GS2 gs
-0.0001 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(66)Tj
ET
0.000 0.910 0.720 0.230 k
66.180 405.260 41.090 -55.530 re
342.570 52.890 m
f*
Q
0.000 0.275 1.000 0.000 k
0.000 0.275 1.000 0.000 K
0 J 0 j 1.881 w 3.864 M []0 d
/GS4 gs
1 i
69.497 385.539 m
69.497 395.278 77.392 403.173 87.132 403.173 c
96.871 403.173 104.766 395.278 104.766 385.539 c
104.766 375.799 96.871 367.904 87.132 367.904 c
77.392 367.904 69.497 375.799 69.497 385.539 c
b
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 k
0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 K
0.056 w
69.930 385.504 m
69.930 395.244 77.724 403.139 87.339 403.139 c
96.954 403.139 104.749 395.244 104.749 385.504 c
104.749 375.765 97.014 368.067 87.339 367.870 c
77.724 367.870 69.930 375.765 69.930 385.504 c
b
0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 k
69.497 385.539 m
69.497 395.278 77.392 403.173 87.132 403.173 c
96.871 403.173 104.766 395.278 104.766 385.539 c
104.766 375.799 96.871 367.904 87.132 367.904 c
77.392 367.904 69.497 375.799 69.497 385.539 c
h
101.367 399.441 m
100.909 399.807 101.275 399.670 100.680 399.853 c
100.085 400.036 98.391 400.586 98.025 400.540 c
97.659 400.494 98.162 401.593 96.789 402.051 c
95.416 402.508 95.004 401.593 94.591 401.547 c
94.179 401.501 91.845 401.776 91.295 401.593 c
90.746 401.410 90.105 401.684 88.823 400.082 c
87.542 398.480 88.686 399.853 88.320 399.579 c
87.953 399.304 87.633 399.075 87.175 398.938 c
86.717 398.800 86.260 398.480 85.756 398.022 c
85.253 397.564 83.284 395.458 82.643 395.184 c
82.002 394.909 81.499 394.360 81.270 394.131 c
81.041 393.902 79.988 393.124 79.805 393.078 c
79.622 393.032 77.974 392.529 77.241 391.933 c
76.509 391.338 77.012 391.842 76.738 391.705 c
76.463 391.567 75.685 391.430 75.364 391.476 c
75.044 391.521 75.364 393.078 y
74.266 391.521 l
73.625 391.430 72.892 393.032 v
72.850 393.125 72.297 392.849 y
73.625 391.064 l
72.205 390.331 l
72.114 389.736 l
73.533 390.240 l
74.220 389.507 74.952 389.599 v
75.685 389.690 77.928 390.148 79.301 390.926 c
80.675 391.705 80.904 391.888 y
79.805 388.729 80.400 386.989 v
80.995 385.250 82.048 382.778 82.918 381.770 c
83.788 380.763 83.788 380.214 y
83.467 380.489 l
82.643 380.992 81.041 379.756 v
79.439 378.520 80.079 379.298 y
80.034 380.672 l
78.798 381.862 l
79.484 380.763 l
79.301 380.718 l
78.569 381.542 l
78.340 381.496 l
77.424 382.549 l
77.104 382.228 l
78.019 380.534 l
75.822 381.679 l
75.456 381.633 l
75.593 381.221 l
77.516 379.939 l
77.974 378.520 l
76.875 377.925 l
76.142 377.101 l
76.692 377.147 l
77.745 377.696 l
78.935 376.781 79.759 376.918 v
80.583 377.055 80.904 376.918 82.140 377.788 c
82.223 377.847 82.964 377.193 83.055 376.872 c
83.147 376.552 83.238 375.544 83.650 375.132 c
84.062 374.720 84.383 374.492 84.612 374.354 c
84.841 374.217 84.612 373.896 84.612 373.439 c
84.612 372.981 84.841 372.340 84.886 372.111 c
84.932 371.882 84.795 371.241 84.566 370.875 c
84.337 370.509 83.742 369.914 83.742 368.037 c
83.742 366.160 83.681 367.674 83.650 367.442 c
83.833 367.167 l
83.696 366.755 l
83.788 366.434 l
83.650 366.068 l
83.650 365.565 l
83.559 365.153 l
83.650 364.832 l
83.376 364.466 l
83.284 364.100 l
83.192 363.642 l
83.192 363.184 l
83.055 362.909 l
82.964 362.589 l
83.009 362.131 l
82.826 361.902 l
82.735 361.628 l
82.552 361.399 l
82.552 361.078 l
82.414 360.849 l
82.323 360.529 l
82.094 360.346 l
82.094 360.117 l
82.048 359.796 l
81.911 359.522 l
81.773 359.201 l
81.544 359.018 l
81.499 358.698 l
81.270 358.515 l
81.132 358.240 l
80.904 358.011 l
80.812 357.782 l
80.491 357.599 l
80.263 357.370 l
80.079 357.004 l
79.805 356.821 l
79.667 356.546 l
79.347 356.317 l
79.072 356.042 l
78.798 355.814 l
78.706 355.585 l
78.386 355.264 l
78.111 355.035 l
77.791 354.898 l
77.607 354.623 l
77.287 354.486 l
77.150 354.211 l
76.692 353.982 l
76.371 353.662 l
76.142 353.525 l
75.959 353.296 l
75.547 353.250 l
75.364 352.975 l
75.044 353.021 l
74.769 352.838 l
74.403 352.838 l
73.991 352.792 l
73.670 352.792 l
73.396 352.746 l
73.075 352.884 l
72.755 352.930 l
72.526 353.113 l
72.251 353.067 l
71.885 353.250 l
71.519 353.204 l
71.244 353.342 l
70.924 353.296 l
70.649 353.387 l
70.237 353.387 l
69.916 353.525 l
69.550 353.525 l
69.733 353.021 l
70.008 352.701 l
70.191 352.426 l
70.512 352.243 l
70.695 351.968 l
70.969 351.877 l
71.290 351.602 l
71.610 351.465 l
71.885 351.190 l
72.205 351.144 l
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b*
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W n
0.500 851.000 1204.500 -851.000 re
W n
0.000 0.000 0.300 0.000 k
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f*
BT
/F3 1 Tf
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0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 k
/GS3 gs
-0.0001 Tc
0.0278 Tw
[(T)73.9(able II. Relationships between reproductive activities and seasons of the year)74(.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 711.5966 174.4528 Tm
0.0251 Tw
[(Jan Feb Mar )-174.9(Apr )-374.9(May )-499.9(Jun )-424.9(Jul )-474.9(Aug )-499.9(Sep Oct Nov )-174.9(Dec)]TJ
-6.8996 -1.7 TD
0.0000 Tc
(Wet season)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
(Dry season)Tj
T*
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Mate)Tj
T*
0.0251 Tw
(Eggs Laid)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Hatch)Tj
ET
1.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 K
1 w 10 M
/GS2 gs
633.600 205.620 501.550 -124.290 re
669.255 89.453 m
S
0.000 0.000 0.300 0.000 k
892.980 779.070 242.960 -181.740 re
669.255 89.453 m
f*
BT
/F3 1 Tf
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0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 k
/GS3 gs
0.0278 Tw
[(T)73.9(a)0.1(ble I. )]TJ
-7.9103 -1 TD
-0.0002 Tc
0.0280 Tw
(Common names of )Tj
12 0 2.5507 12 1003.4776 750.764 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
0.0279 Tw
[(Calabaria reinhardtii)]TJ
12 0 0 12 1107.7769 750.764 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(.)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
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(E)Tj
1 Tr
0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 K
0.3 w
0 0 TD
(E)Tj
0 Tr
0.7168 0 TD
(n)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(n)Tj
0 Tr
0.5509 0 TD
(g)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(g)Tj
0 Tr
0.4949 0 TD
(l)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(l)Tj
0 Tr
0.273 0 TD
(i)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(i)Tj
0 Tr
0.273 0 TD
(s)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(s)Tj
0 Tr
0.384 0 TD
(h)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(h)Tj
0 Tr
2.0924 -0.015 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.0251 Tw
[(Calabar python, Calabar ground python, )]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(West African ground python, burrowing )]TJ
T*
[(python, West African burrowing python,)]TJ
T*
(two-headed python)Tj
-4.785 -1.4685 TD
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(S)Tj
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0 0 TD
(S)Tj
0 Tr
0.5509 0 TD
(p)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(p)Tj
0 Tr
0.5509 0 TD
(a)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(a)Tj
0 Tr
0.4949 0 TD
(n)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(n)Tj
0 Tr
0.5509 0 TD
(i)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(i)Tj
0 Tr
0.273 0 TD
(s)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(s)Tj
0 Tr
0.384 0 TD
(h)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(h)Tj
0 Tr
1.9803 -0.015 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.0251 Tw
[(Pitn de Calabar, Pitn ciega)]TJ
-4.785 -1.4685 TD
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(F)Tj
1 Tr
0 0 TD
(F)Tj
0 Tr
0.6049 0 TD
(r)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(r)Tj
0 Tr
0.383 0 TD
(e)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(e)Tj
0 Tr
0.4939 0 TD
(n)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(n)Tj
0 Tr
0.5499 0 TD
(c)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(c)Tj
0 Tr
0.438 0 TD
(h)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(h)Tj
0 Tr
2.3153 -0.015 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.0252 Tw
[(Calabare de Reinhardt, Calabaria de )]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
0.0000 Tw
(Reinhardt)Tj
-4.785 -1.4685 TD
0.0000 Tc
(D)Tj
1 Tr
0 0 TD
(D)Tj
0 Tr
0.8252 0 TD
(u)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(u)Tj
0 Tr
0.5484 0 TD
(t)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(t)Tj
0 Tr
0.3255 0 TD
(c)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(c)Tj
0 Tr
0.4364 0 TD
(h)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(h)Tj
0 Tr
2.6495 -0.015 TD
-0.0001 Tc
(Aardpython)Tj
-4.785 -1.4685 TD
0.0000 Tc
(G)Tj
1 Tr
0 0 TD
(G)Tj
0 Tr
0.8268 0 TD
(e)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(e)Tj
0 Tr
0.494 0 TD
(r)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(r)Tj
0 Tr
0.3831 0 TD
(m)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(m)Tj
0 Tr
0.8268 0 TD
(a)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(a)Tj
0 Tr
0.494 0 TD
(n)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(n)Tj
0 Tr
1.7603 -0.015 TD
-0.0001 Tc
(Erdpython)Tj
-4.785 -1.4685 TD
0.0000 Tc
(I)Tj
1 Tr
0 0 TD
(I)Tj
0 Tr
0.3839 0 TD
(t)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(t)Tj
0 Tr
0.3279 0 TD
(a)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(a)Tj
0 Tr
0.4949 0 TD
(l)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(l)Tj
0 Tr
0.273 0 TD
(i)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(i)Tj
0 Tr
0.273 0 TD
(a)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(a)Tj
0 Tr
0.4949 0 TD
(n)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(n)Tj
0 Tr
2.5375 -0.015 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.0251 Tw
[(Calabaria, pitone di Calabar)]TJ
ET
1.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 K
1 w
/GS2 gs
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S
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1135.280 153.190 l
S
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1072.022 607.591 m
f*
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f*
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f*
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f*
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f*
1062.560 153.110 72.280 -35.430 re
f*
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701.059 186.374 l
737.357 81.855 m
737.357 186.375 l
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773.099 186.373 l
810.120 81.863 m
810.120 186.373 l
845.705 81.858 m
845.705 186.378 l
881.555 81.857 m
881.555 186.377 l
917.954 81.859 m
917.954 186.369 l
954.301 81.861 m
954.301 186.371 l
990.272 81.861 m
990.272 186.371 l
1026.624 81.858 m
1026.624 186.368 l
1062.406 81.856 m
1062.406 186.376 l
1099.184 81.858 m
1099.184 186.368 l
S
633.790 170.190 m
1135.420 170.190 l
633.790 135.790 m
1135.420 135.790 l
633.790 117.690 m
1135.420 117.690 l
633.790 100.190 m
1135.140 100.190 l
S
1 w
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S
BT
/F2 1 Tf
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(African Burrowing Python)Tj
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(REPTILIA)Tj
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909.240 60.720 l
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S
BT
/F5 1 Tf
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0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 k
/GS3 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(69)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 893.4803 772.4476 Tm
0.0049 Tc
-0.0318 Tw
[(item, the snake is stimulated to eat others when they are)]TJ
0 -1.208 TD
0.0292 Tw
[(gently pressed against its body; the python tries to con-)]TJ
T*
-0.0255 Tw
[(strict or press them at once, and then eats all of them. If)]TJ
T*
0.1976 Tw
[(the python is healthy and adapts well to captivity, it)]TJ
T*
0.2727 Tw
[(quickly becomes a prodigious eater. Females often)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(seem to be more voracious than males.)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 893.4803 687.8875 Tm
0.0054 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Breeding)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 901.9842 675.8075 Tm
0.0049 Tc
0.1850 Tw
[(Recent data indicates that wild )]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 1049.1995 675.8075 Tm
0.0000 Tw
(Calabaria)Tj
10 0 0 10 1096.2726 675.8075 Tm
(generally)Tj
-20.2792 -1.208 TD
0.1003 Tw
[(have a biennial breeding frequency \(LUISELLI et al.,)]TJ
T*
0.3134 Tw
[(2002\), although there are observations that demon-)]TJ
T*
0.0813 Tw
[(strate an annual breeding cycle, especially in captivity.)]TJ
T*
0.0000 Tw
(Captive-born )Tj
10 0 2.1256 10 954.4433 627.4875 Tm
0.0036 Tw
(Calabaria reinhardtii)Tj
10 0 0 10 1048.9552 627.4875 Tm
(are rare, and almost)Tj
-15.5475 -1.208 TD
0.1174 Tw
[(always cases where females were already gravid when)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
(wild-caught. )Tj
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.3255 Tw
[(The main limiting factors in captive reproduction)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
-0.0340 Tw
[(have been the incubation of eggs and the body weight of)]TJ
T*
0.0060 Tw
[(the females. Females seem to require a longer acclima-)]TJ
T*
0.2626 Tw
[(tion period than males do, probably because of the)]TJ
T*
-0.0005 Tw
(greater energy expenditure required for egg production)Tj
T*
0.0252 Tw
[(\(CHERNOFF, 2003\).)]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0163 Tc
0.3637 Tw
[(The sexes can be identified by cloacal probing,)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0049 Tc
0.1532 Tw
[(although this is not always simple. Males probe to a)]TJ
T*
0.0803 Tw
[(depth of 1011 subcaudal scales; females to a depth of)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(about 3 \(ROSS et al., 1990\).)]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.1579 Tw
[(Breeding activity seems depend on certain environ-)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.2017 Tw
[(mental and feeding factors. In captivity, the natural)]TJ
T*
0.2656 Tw
[(western African seasonal cycle should be simulated,)]TJ
T*
0.2844 Tw
[(alternating between wet and dry periods as already)]TJ
T*
-0.0291 Tw
[(described. In the wild, African burrowing pythons mate)]TJ
T*
0.1173 Tw
[(during the dry season, specifically between November)]TJ
T*
0.0053 Tc
0.0034 Tw
(and January. STAUB \(2001\) also observed breeding in)Tj
T*
0.0049 Tc
0.0251 Tw
[(captivity during these months. )]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 636.1102 772.4476 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Feeding)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 644.6142 760.3676 Tm
0.0049 Tc
0.0126 Tw
[(As already mentioned, the African burrowing python)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.2927 Tw
[(feeds on small mammals, especially rodents. Wild-)]TJ
T*
0.0000 Tw
(caught )Tj
10 0 2.1256 10 669.7114 736.2076 Tm
(Calabaria)Tj
10 0 0 10 712.3853 736.2076 Tm
0.1868 Tw
[(, especially when already adult, may)]TJ
-7.6275 -1.208 TD
0.1237 Tw
[(not readily accept food in the beginning. The keeper)]TJ
T*
0.0213 Tw
[(must be patient, and try repeatedly. The best choice of)]TJ
T*
0.0420 Tw
[(food is rat pinkies and mouse fuzzies, before their eyes)]TJ
T*
0.0371 Tw
[(open and they become too jumpy. Prey can be offered)]TJ
T*
0.0868 Tw
[(either alive or pre-killed; sometimes the latter method)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(works best at first.)]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.2313 Tw
[(Not a typical constrictor, this species kills prey by)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0053 Tc
0.0037 Tw
(pressing it against the floor or sides of the cage; it is not)Tj
T*
0.0049 Tc
0.1274 Tw
[(able to compress prey within its coils as well as other)]TJ
T*
0.0371 Tw
[(constrictors can. This unusual behaviour has also been)]TJ
T*
0.1902 Tw
[(noted by LOMAN \(2003\) in a wild-caught )]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 836.6832 603.3275 Tm
0.0000 Tw
(Calabaria)Tj
10 0 0 10 636.1102 591.2475 Tm
0.1249 Tw
[(found 1020 kilometres north of Kribi \(Cameroon\) in)]TJ
T*
0.0681 Tw
[(November 1974. It was collected and kept in captivity)]TJ
T*
0.2389 Tw
[(for some years. During feeding, it tried to squeeze)]TJ
T*
0.0486 Tw
[(small mice \(sometimes several at once\) against the ter-)]TJ
T*
0.3226 Tw
[(rarium wall before coiling around them. LOMAN)]TJ
T*
0.0273 Tw
[(interpreted this as an adaptation to raiding small-mam-)]TJ
T*
0.3717 Tw
[(mal nest burrows. For this reason, some keepers)]TJ
T*
0.0273 Tw
[(believe that the African burrowing python can be stim-)]TJ
T*
-0.0285 Tw
[(ulated to feed by offering many small prey items at once)]TJ
T*
0.1491 Tw
[(rather than fewer larger items, to simulate its natural)]TJ
T*
0.0442 Tw
[(feeding conditions. Thus, it seems that offering a litter)]TJ
T*
0.1183 Tw
[(of four or five small prey items \(no larger than rat or)]TJ
T*
0.1115 Tw
[(mouse fuzzies\) is the best method to successfully feed)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(this python. )]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0706 Tw
[(In addition, HARRISON \(2003\) and other herpetol-)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.3726 Tw
[(ogists have described a particular behaviour called)]TJ
T*
0.0773 Tw
[(multiple constriction response: after an African bur-)]TJ
T*
0.0903 Tw
[(rowing python has constricted and eaten the first prey)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
8.85 0 0 8.85 294.2718 52.7733 Tm
0.000 1.000 0.910 0.000 k
/GS2 gs
0.0556 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(REPTILIA)Tj
ET
318.290 60.720 m
342.310 60.720 l
345.088 60.720 347.340 58.468 347.340 55.690 c
347.340 52.922 345.088 50.670 342.310 50.670 c
294.270 50.670 l
291.492 50.670 289.240 52.922 289.240 55.700 c
289.240 58.468 291.492 60.720 294.270 60.720 c
h
331.652 52.773 m
S
BT
/F5 1 Tf
8.7 0 0 8.7 332.897 52.8904 Tm
0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 k
/GS3 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(68)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 67.1811 579.1675 Tm
0.0068 Tc
0.3682 Tw
[(interseasonal ecological homogeneity that could be)]TJ
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.1210 Tw
[(interpreted as an evolutionary response to the relative)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(year-round stability of habitat conditions. )]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0199 Tc
0.4254 Tw
[(In another study on the ecology of )]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 263.8542 542.9275 Tm
0.0000 Tw
(Calabaria)Tj
10 0 0 10 307.878 542.9275 Tm
0.0000 Tc
(,)Tj
-24.0697 -1.208 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.2005 Tw
[(LUISELLI et al. \(1999\) showed that, in southeastern)]TJ
T*
0.1406 Tw
(Nigeria, the African burrowing python mates between)Tj
T*
0.2678 Tw
[(November and January \(dry season\), lays eggs from)]TJ
T*
0.1621 Tw
[(March to April \(the end of dry season\), and the eggs)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(hatch from June to July \(wet season\).)]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0150 Tw
[(These studies also demonstrated that the African bur-)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.1972 Tw
[(rowing python eats mainly small mammals, especially)]TJ
T*
0.0004 Tc
0.0039 Tw
(mice, which it usually takes from their nests. The dispo-)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.0519 Tw
[(sition of the snake to eat small prey could be related to)]TJ
T*
0.0061 Tc
0.3689 Tw
[(its post-cranial prey transport mechanism. Recent)]TJ
T*
-0.0001 Tc
-0.0288 Tw
[(research \(KLEY et al., 2002\) indicates that cervical com-)]TJ
T*
-0.0365 Tw
(pression in )Tj
10 0 2.1256 10 115.91 397.9675 Tm
[(Calabaria reinhardtii)]TJ
10 0 0 10 208.5206 397.9675 Tm
[(is great because of lack-)]TJ
-14.1339 -1.208 TD
0.0852 Tw
[(ing palatopterygoid teeth, which could be related to its)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
(feeding on small prey.)Tj
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.1006 Tw
[(It seems that )]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 136.7363 361.7275 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Calabaria)Tj
10 0 0 10 182.4651 361.7275 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
0.1006 Tw
[(kills mice by squashing them)]TJ
-11.5284 -1.208 TD
0.1344 Tw
[(against the walls of their burrows. In detailed dietary)]TJ
T*
0.0199 Tc
0.4413 Tw
[(analysis of regurgitated items and faecal pellets,)]TJ
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.0264 Tw
[(LUISELLI et al., \(2002\) have shown that the main prey)]TJ
T*
0.2913 Tw
[(of the African burrowing python is small mammals,)]TJ
T*
-0.0255 Tw
[(especially rodents: regurgitated items included adult and)]TJ
T*
0.0000 Tw
(nestling )Tj
10 0 2.1256 10 105.3571 289.2475 Tm
0.1786 Tw
(Mus musculoides)Tj
10 0 0 10 186.1501 289.2475 Tm
(\(mice\), young )Tj
10 0 2.1256 10 252.219 289.2475 Tm
0.1785 Tw
(Rattus rattus)Tj
10 0 0 10 67.1811 277.1675 Tm
0.1407 Tw
[(\(rats\), snake eggs, and )]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 171.7006 277.1675 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Mabuya)Tj
10 0 0 10 211.1624 277.1675 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
0.1406 Tw
[(\(skink\); faecal pellets)]TJ
-14.3981 -1.208 TD
0.0000 Tw
(contained )Tj
10 0 2.1256 10 113.6872 265.0875 Tm
(Rattus)Tj
10 0 0 10 146.2944 265.0875 Tm
0.0000 Tc
(sp., )Tj
10 0 2.1256 10 164.468 265.0875 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
0.1227 Tw
(Mus musculoides)Tj
10 0 0 10 240.4175 265.0875 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.1226 Tw
(, and )Tj
10 0 2.1256 10 266.4864 265.0875 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Crocidura)Tj
10 0 0 10 67.1811 253.0075 Tm
0.0255 Tw
[(\(shrews\). According to such studies, those pythons that)]TJ
T*
0.0000 Tc
0.0006 Tw
[(feed mostly on rodents do not appear to eat shrews,)-312.5(a)-0.1(nd)]TJ
T*
-0.0002 Tc
-0.0014 Tw
(only occasionally eat lizards or reptile eggs; on the other)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
-0.0236 Tw
[(hand, those that eat shrews do not appear to eat rodents.)]TJ
T*
0.1596 Tw
[(The analysed wild African burrowing pythons also do)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(not seem to eat earthworms.)]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0000 Tw
(Although )Tj
10 0 2.1256 10 120.3543 180.5275 Tm
0.0000 Tc
(Calabaria)Tj
10 0 0 10 165.5265 180.5275 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
0.0449 Tw
[(is mainly nocturnal, some studies)]TJ
-9.8345 -1.208 TD
0.0512 Tw
[(have demonstrated that it can also be active and forage)]TJ
T*
0.0252 Tw
[(during the day \(GARTLAN et al., 1971\).)]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.3647 Tw
[(One well-known aspect of the African burrowing)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.1127 Tw
[(python is its defence behaviour. Two techniques have)]TJ
T*
0.0402 Tw
[(been observed. One is a tail display in which )]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 268.154 120.1275 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Calabaria)Tj
10 0 0 10 67.1811 108.0475 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
-0.0177 Tw
[(presents its tail as a false head to distract predators away)]TJ
T*
0.2701 Tw
[(from more vulnerable parts of its body. When dis-)]TJ
T*
0.2393 Tw
[(turbed, the snake freezes and presses its chin to the)]TJ
26.0535 68.856 TD
0.2060 Tw
[(ground. Then it lifts its tail and swings it slightly to)]TJ
0 -1.208 TD
0.0001 Tc
0.0016 Tw
(mimic the head. Many white scales are often present on)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.1287 Tw
[(the tail, which could help attract attention to the false)]TJ
T*
-0.0294 Tw
[(head. The other defence technique is called balling, in)]TJ
T*
0.3166 Tw
[(which the python coils itself into a tight ball when)]TJ
T*
0.0789 Tw
[(threatened, often keeping its head in the centre and its)]TJ
T*
0.0445 Tw
[(tail exposed \(this behaviour is also seen in other snakes)]TJ
T*
0.1484 Tw
[(such as )]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 364.0162 687.8875 Tm
(Python regius)Tj
10 0 0 10 425.2276 687.8875 Tm
[(\). In any case, the African bur-)]TJ
-9.7511 -1.208 TD
0.0569 Tw
[(rowing python is quite docile, and never tries to bite or)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(hiss when handled or disturbed.)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 327.7165 639.5675 Tm
-0.0002 Tc
0.0000 Tw
[(T)73.8(e)0.2(rrarium)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 336.2205 627.4875 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
0.1138 Tw
[(The African burrowing python is not a common ter-)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.1323 Tw
[(rarium subject, and unfortunately the specimens avail-)]TJ
T*
0.0006 Tc
0.3744 Tw
[(able on the market are almost always wild-caught.)]TJ
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.2048 Tw
[(Captive-bred specimens are still very rare. Imported)]TJ
T*
0.2402 Tw
[(snakes should therefore be carefully checked for the)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(usual external and internal parasites. )]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.1814 Tw
[(Although this snake is considered relatively easy to)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0160 Tw
[(keep, it is important that the )]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 454.494 542.9275 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Calabaria)Tj
10 0 0 10 499.3777 542.9275 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
0.0161 Tw
(terrarium repro-)Tj
-17.1661 -1.208 TD
0.0989 Tw
[(duce its natural living conditions as closely as possible.)]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 327.7165 518.7675 Tm
0.0061 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Calabaria)Tj
10 0 0 10 376.74 518.7675 Tm
0.3690 Tw
(requires high humidity, so the enclosure)Tj
-4.9023 -1.208 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.1889 Tw
[(should be made of materials that withstand moisture,)]TJ
T*
0.0793 Tw
[(such as glass or plastic \(rather than wood\). The enclo-)]TJ
T*
-0.0195 Tw
[(sure need not be very large. A cage of 80 x 50 x 60 centi-)]TJ
T*
0.1127 Tw
[(metres is good for one or two specimens. The species)]TJ
T*
0.0958 Tw
[(can be housed in small groups, but more than three or)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(four pythons in the same tank is not recommended. )]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.1818 Tw
[(The burrowing medium can be a mix of sandy soil,)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.3117 Tw
[(humus, moss, decaying leaves, mulch, and pieces of)]TJ
T*
0.2238 Tw
[(bark. It should be kept lightly moistened, but there)]TJ
T*
-0.0226 Tw
[(should never be standing water because )]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 500.8191 397.9675 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Calabaria)Tj
10 0 0 10 545.3161 397.9675 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
-0.0226 Tw
[(is sus-)]TJ
-21.76 -1.208 TD
0.1476 Tw
[(ceptible to fungal infections. The substrate should be)]TJ
T*
0.0385 Tw
[(deep enough so the python can bury itself \(about 1015)]TJ
T*
0.2840 Tw
[(centimetres\), and hide boxes are beneficial these)]TJ
T*
0.1302 Tw
[(should be cramped enough that the snake touches the)]TJ
T*
0.3192 Tw
[(sides and feels like it is in an underground tunnel.)]TJ
T*
0.0260 Tw
[(STAUB \(2001\) suggests laying a large flat piece of hard)]TJ
T*
-0.0316 Tw
[(plastic over part of the substrate to retain moisture. This)]TJ
T*
0.0450 Tw
[(gives the snake more choices of degree of moisture and)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(temperature while remaining hidden.)]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 336.2205 277.1675 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Calabaria)Tj
10 0 0 10 382.5794 277.1675 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
0.1636 Tw
[(occasionally likes to climb a little, so it is)]TJ
-5.4863 -1.208 TD
-0.0005 Tc
-0.0038 Tw
(good to provide branches in the terrarium. It also needs)Tj
T*
-0.0003 Tc
(a large basin of clean water. The temperature should be)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.2907 Tw
[(2632C \(7990F\) during the day, and can drop to)]TJ
T*
0.0378 Tw
[(2224C \(7275F\) at night. A heating pad can be used)]TJ
T*
0.0142 Tw
[(to keep one side of the enclosure at 32C, and a lamp to)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(keep the other side at 2628C. )]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0054 Tc
0.3696 Tw
[(Many keepers cool the pythons down for a few)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.1464 Tw
[(months, often to stimulate breeding, but temperatures)]TJ
T*
0.3155 Tw
[(can be kept stable year-round without problems, in)]TJ
T*
0.0127 Tw
[(which case the snakes continue eating. It is advisable to)]TJ
T*
0.2519 Tw
[(spray with warm water once a week. The humidity)]TJ
T*
0.0707 Tw
[(should be kept at 7585 percent. Adequate ventilation)]TJ
T*
-0.0156 Tw
[(should be provided with perforated plastic or metal pan-)]TJ
T*
0.2866 Tw
[(els. Keepers suggest never touching these very shy)]TJ
T*
-0.0090 Tw
[(snakes. If properly maintained, the captive African bur-)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(rowing python can live to more than 20 years of age.)]TJ
ET
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 k
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67.430 779.730 244.700 -174.430 re
556.615 83.888 m
f*
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7 0 1.4879 7 69.4439 594.8308 Tm
0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 k
/GS3 gs
-0.0001 Tc
0.0277 Tw
[(Calabaria reinhardtii.)]TJ
6 0 0 6 134.3693 594.8308 Tm
[(Photo: P)129.1(.)-0.1( Martnez Carrin)]TJ
7 0 1.4879 7 802.9693 81.1501 Tm
[(Calabaria reinhardtii)]TJ
7 0 0 7 865.9498 81.1501 Tm
-0.0002 Tc
[(with eggs. )]TJ
6 0 0 6 899.006 81.1501 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(Photo: P)129.1(.)-0.1( Martnez Carrin)]TJ
ET
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 k
/GS2 gs
637.370 372.730 497.890 -281.800 re
967.054 81.150 m
f*
Q
q
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637.370 372.730 497.890 -281.800 re
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11 0 0 11 634.1102 772.4476 Tm
0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 k
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0.0277 Tw
(Law and protection)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 2.1256 10 642.6142 760.3676 Tm
0.0186 Tc
0.3714 Tw
[(C)15(a)0.1(labaria reinhardtii)]TJ
10 0 0 10 747.3372 760.3676 Tm
[(is regularly imported from)]TJ
-11.3227 -1.208 TD
0.0149 Tc
0.1548 Tw
[(West Africa \(mainly from Ghana, Benin, and Togo\))]TJ
T*
0.2557 Tw
[(for the pet trade in Europe, and also often in the)]TJ
T*
0.0410 Tw
[(United States. The species is listed in CITES Appen-)]TJ
T*
0.0164 Tc
0.3736 Tw
[(dix II \(reference A-305.004.005.001; date listed, 4)]TJ
T*
0.0150 Tc
0.0251 Tw
(February 1977\).)Tj
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0099 Tc
-0.0187 Tw
[(Most marketed species of python are now ranched,)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0149 Tc
0.0131 Tw
[(which is defined by CITES as the)]TJ
T*
0.2276 Tw
[(rearing in a controlled environ-)]TJ
T*
0.3547 Tw
[(ment of specimens taken from)]TJ
T*
0.2029 Tw
[(the wild. Eggs or juveniles are)]TJ
T*
0.0154 Tc
0.3746 Tw
[(harvested from a wild popula-)]TJ
T*
0.0149 Tc
0.0985 Tw
[(tion, and then raised in captivity)]TJ
T*
0.2184 Tw
[(until they reach a commercially)]TJ
T*
0.1937 Tw
[(exploitable size. Most are then)]TJ
T*
0.3327 Tw
[(exported, but a portion of the)]TJ
T*
0.0349 Tc
1.1049 Tw
(captive-raised juveniles are)Tj
T*
0.0149 Tc
0.0070 Tw
[(released back into the wild popu-)]TJ
T*
0.0905 Tw
[(lation. The primary objective of)]TJ
T*
0.3011 Tw
[(ranching is conservation of the)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(local population. )]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.1203 Tw
[(HOOGMOED \(2003\) explains)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0349 Tc
0.3585 Tw
[(that the term ranching was)]TJ
T*
0.6460 Tw
[(originally coined for CITES)]TJ
T*
0.0149 Tc
0.0464 Tw
[(Appendix I species \(mainly croc-)]TJ
T*
0.1353 Tw
[(odiles\), but is now also used for)]TJ
T*
0.0239 Tw
[(CITES Appendix II species that are managed in some)]TJ
T*
0.2226 Tw
[(way. In most cases, the animals exported are wild)]TJ
T*
0.1720 Tw
[(specimens that have not been bred in captivity, and)]TJ
T*
0.0325 Tw
[(there is a lot of confusion about the correct use of the)]TJ
T*
-0.0199 Tw
[(term ranched. As far as we know, all specimens that)]TJ
T*
0.3576 Tw
[(are exported from West Africa as ranched and)]TJ
T*
0.0672 Tw
[(farmed animals are actually wild-caught specimens,)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(nothing else. )]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.1245 Tw
[(Finally, also the European Council Regulation No.)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.1739 Tw
[(2724/2000 includes this python in Appendix B \(date)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(listed, 18 December 2000\).)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
23.525 0 TD
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
-23.51 -2.401 TD
(A)Tj
1 Tr
0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 K
0 J 0 j 0.3 w 10 M []0 d
0 0 TD
(A)Tj
0 Tr
0.8356 0 TD
(c)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(c)Tj
0 Tr
0.4418 0 TD
(k)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(k)Tj
0 Tr
0.5538 0 TD
(n)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(n)Tj
0 Tr
0.5538 0 TD
(o)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(o)Tj
0 Tr
0.5538 0 TD
(w)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(w)Tj
0 Tr
0.7197 0 TD
(l)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(l)Tj
0 Tr
0.2759 0 TD
(e)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(e)Tj
0 Tr
0.4978 0 TD
(d)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(d)Tj
0 Tr
0.5538 0 TD
(g)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(g)Tj
0 Tr
0.4978 0 TD
(m)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(m)Tj
0 Tr
0.8306 0 TD
(e)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(e)Tj
0 Tr
0.4978 0 TD
(n)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(n)Tj
0 Tr
0.5538 0 TD
(t)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(t)Tj
0 Tr
0.3309 0 TD
(s)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(s)Tj
0 Tr
-6.8613 -1.223 TD
0.0049 Tc
0.2907 Tw
[(The author wishes to express sincere gratitude to)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.1108 Tw
[(Luca Luiselli for his contribution to the knowledge of)]TJ
T*
0.2118 Tw
(the African burowing python \()Tj
10 0 2.1256 10 776.8598 265.0875 Tm
(Calabaria reinhardtii)Tj
10 0 0 10 870.868 265.0875 Tm
0.0051 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(\),)Tj
-23.6758 -1.208 TD
0.0049 Tc
0.2084 Tw
[(and for his help, kindness, and advice regarding this)]TJ
T*
0.1189 Tw
[(manuscript; to Dr. Marinus S. Hoogmoed, member of)]TJ
T*
0.0169 Tw
[(the CITES Nomenclature Committee, for valuable cor-)]TJ
T*
0.0571 Tw
(respondence on nomenclature and conservation status;)Tj
T*
0.0617 Tw
[(to Rick Staub for providing his interesting publication;)]TJ
T*
0.2875 Tw
[(and to Jon Loman for his personal observations of)]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 634.1102 180.5275 Tm
0.0251 Tw
[(Calabaria reinhardtii)]TJ
10 0 0 10 729.052 180.5275 Tm
[(in the wild.)]TJ
-9.4792 -2.401 TD
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(B)Tj
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(B)Tj
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(i)Tj
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T*
(i)Tj
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T*
(b)Tj
0 Tr
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(l)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(l)Tj
0 Tr
0.2753 0 TD
(i)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(i)Tj
0 Tr
0.2753 0 TD
(o)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(o)Tj
0 Tr
0.5532 0 TD
(g)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(g)Tj
0 Tr
0.4972 0 TD
(r)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(r)Tj
0 Tr
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(a)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(a)Tj
0 Tr
0.4972 0 TD
(p)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(p)Tj
0 Tr
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1 Tr
T*
(h)Tj
0 Tr
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(y)Tj
1 Tr
T*
(y)Tj
8 0 0 8 642.6142 145.5675 Tm
0 Tr
-0.0001 Tc
0.0205 Tw
[(ANGELICI, F. M., INYANG, M. A., EFFAH, C., and LUISELLI,)]TJ
-1.063 -1.35 TD
0.0310 Tw
[(L., 2000. Analysis of activity patterns and habitat use of radiotracked)]TJ
T*
0.2030 Tw
(African burrowing pythons, )Tj
8 0 1.7005 8 737.2487 123.9675 Tm
(Calabaria reinhardtii)Tj
8 0 0 8 811.5455 123.9675 Tm
0.0001 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(. )Tj
8 0 1.7005 8 817.1685 123.9675 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
0.2030 Tw
[(Israel Journal of)]TJ
-22.5953 -1.35 TD
0.0000 Tw
(Zoology)Tj
8 0 0 8 665.6501 113.1675 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0251 Tw
[(46\(2\): 131141.)]TJ
-2.8795 -1.35 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.0514 Tw
[(BARTLETT, D., 1998. West African burrowing pythons. )]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 848.4184 102.3675 Tm
0.0000 Tw
(Reptiles)Tj
8 0 0 8 634.1102 91.5674 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0251 Tw
[(6: 3641.)]TJ
1.063 -1.35 TD
-0.0101 Tc
-0.0106 Tw
[(CANSDALE, G. S., 1961. )]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 734.9989 80.7674 Tm
(West African snakes)Tj
8 0 0 8 804.8953 80.7674 Tm
(. Longmans. London.)Tj
12.1361 86.3422 TD
0.0450 Tw
[(CHERNOFF, N., 2003. Snakes The Home Page of Neil Chernoff.)]TJ
-1.063 -1.35 TD
0.0251 Tw
[(Internet Web Site: )]TJ
1.063 -1.35 TD
-0.0001 Tc
-0.0354 Tw
[(CHIPPAUX, J. P., 1999. )]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 989.9095 749.9047 Tm
[(Les serpents d Afrique occidentale et cen-)]TJ
-11.7667 -1.35 TD
0.0000 Tw
(trale)Tj
8 0 0 8 909.4764 739.1047 Tm
0.0251 Tw
(. IRD Editions, Paris.)Tj
-0.9365 -1.35 TD
0.1284 Tw
[(COBORN, J. 1995. )]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 976.9575 728.3047 Tm
0.1283 Tw
[(Boas & Pythons and Other Friendly Snakes)]TJ
8 0 0 8 1134.6772 728.3047 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(.)Tj
-30.1496 -1.35 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.0251 Tw
(T.F.H., Neptune City.)Tj
1.063 -1.35 TD
0.0774 Tw
[(GARTLAN, J. S. and STRUHSAKER, T. T., 1971. Notes on the)]TJ
-1.063 -1.35 TD
0.0844 Tw
[(habits of the Calabar ground python \()]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 1028.6533 695.9047 Tm
(Calabaria reinhardtii)Tj
8 0 0 8 1104.6752 695.9047 Tm
0.0000 Tw
(Schlegel\))Tj
-26.3994 -1.35 TD
0.0251 Tw
[(in Cameroon, West Africa. )]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 989.8644 685.1046 Tm
[(Br. J. Herpetol)]TJ
8 0 0 8 1042.2546 685.1046 Tm
0.0000 Tc
[(. 4: 201202.)]TJ
-6.7457 -1.35 TD
-0.0151 Tc
-0.0292 Tw
[(GOSSMANN, V., LTTERS, S., OBAME,)]TJ
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.0511 Tw
[(F., and BHME, W., 2002. Zur Herpeto-)]TJ
T*
0.2208 Tw
(fauna Gabuns. Teil II. )Tj
8 0 1.7005 8 1074.0254 652.7046 Tm
0.0000 Tw
(Herpetofauna)Tj
8 0 0 8 1126.6772 652.7046 Tm
0.0001 Tc
(24:)Tj
-17.2985 -1.35 TD
0.0000 Tc
(1933. )Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.0788 Tw
[(GRAY, J. E., 1858. Description of a new)]TJ
T*
0.1654 Tw
[(genus of boidae from old Calabar, and a)]TJ
T*
0.0772 Tw
[(list of west African Reptiles. )]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 1094.4525 609.5046 Tm
0.0000 Tw
(Proceedings)Tj
-12.9835 -1.35 TD
0.0589 Tw
[(of the Zoological Society of London)]TJ
8 0 0 8 1118.6771 598.7046 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(1858:)Tj
-16.2985 -1.35 TD
(154167.)Tj
T*
-0.0151 Tc
-0.0233 Tw
[(HARRISON, C., 2003. The Sand Boa Page:)]TJ
7.76 0 0 8 988.2892 566.3046 Tm
0.0000 Tw
()Tj
8 0 0 8 988.2892 555.5046 Tm
-0.0251 Tc
-0.0133 Tw
[(HEISE, P. J., MAXSON, L. R., DOWLING,)]TJ
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.0135 Tw
[(H. G., and HEDGES, S. B., 1995. Higher-)]TJ
T*
0.0597 Tw
[(level snake phylogeny inferred from mito-)]TJ
T*
0.2244 Tw
[(chondrial DNA sequences of 12S rRNA)]TJ
T*
0.3313 Tw
[(and 16S rRNA genes. )]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 1076.0452 512.3046 Tm
(Mol. Biol. Evol.)Tj
8 0 0 8 988.2892 501.5046 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0251 Tw
[(12\(2\): 259265.)]TJ
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.0474 Tw
[(HOOGMOED, M. S., 2003. Notes on the)]TJ
T*
0.1234 Tw
(nomenclature and the conservation status)Tj
T*
0.0000 Tw
(of )Tj
8 0 1.7005 8 997.5986 469.1046 Tm
0.0251 Tw
(Calabaria reinhardtii)Tj
8 0 0 8 1070.4724 469.1046 Tm
[(. Personal comm.)]TJ
-10.2729 -1.35 TD
0.0199 Tc
0.5624 Tw
[(HORTENBACH, G. and HORTEN-)]TJ
-11.8511 -1.35 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.0378 Tw
[(BACH, H., 1998. Maintenance, behaviour and breeding of )]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 1102.8979 447.5046 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Calabaria)Tj
-25.8903 -1.35 TD
-0.0001 Tc
(reinhardtii)Tj
8 0 0 8 932.4476 436.7046 Tm
0.0092 Tw
[(Schlegel, 1851 under captive conditions. )]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 1073.0438 436.7046 Tm
0.0000 Tw
(Salamandra)Tj
8 0 0 8 1116.4543 436.7046 Tm
0.0000 Tc
(34\(2\).)Tj
-26.8088 -1.35 TD
-0.0003 Tc
-0.0021 Tw
(KLEY, N. J. and BRAINERD, E. L., 2002. Post-cranial prey trans-)Tj
-1.063 -1.35 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.3267 Tw
[(port mechanisms in the black pinesnake, )]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 1051.6111 415.1046 Tm
[(Pituophis melanoleucus)]TJ
-19.4794 -1.35 TD
0.0000 Tw
(lodingi)Tj
8 0 0 8 917.4901 404.3046 Tm
0.0251 Tw
(: an x-ray videographic study. )Tj
8 0 1.7005 8 1022.2753 404.3046 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Zoology)Tj
8 0 0 8 1053.8152 404.3046 Tm
0.0251 Tw
[(105: 153164.)]TJ
-18.9789 -1.35 TD
0.0248 Tw
[(KLUGE, A., 1993. )]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 972.1369 393.5046 Tm
0.0000 Tw
(Calabaria)Tj
8 0 0 8 1008.114 393.5046 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
0.0249 Tw
[(and the phylogeny of erycine snakes.)]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 893.4803 382.7046 Tm
0.0251 Tw
[(Zool. J. Linn. Soc)]TJ
8 0 0 8 955.4222 382.7046 Tm
0.0000 Tc
[(. 107: 293351.)]TJ
-6.6797 -1.35 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.1493 Tw
[(LEHMANN, H. D., 1971. Notizen ber Nahrungsaufnahme und)]TJ
-1.063 -1.35 TD
0.0087 Tc
0.3664 Tw
(Abwehrverhalten von )Tj
8 0 1.7005 8 979.0067 361.1046 Tm
[(Calabaria reinhardtii)]TJ
8 0 0 8 1061.077 361.1046 Tm
0.3663 Tw
(\(Serpentes: Boidae\).)Tj
8 0 1.7005 8 893.4803 350.3046 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Salamandra)Tj
8 0 0 8 937.0182 350.3046 Tm
0.0251 Tw
[(7\(2\): 5560.)]TJ
-4.3792 -1.35 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.0532 Tw
[(LOMAN, J., 2003. Notes on the captive feeding in )]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 1084.0303 339.5046 Tm
[(Calabaria rein-)]TJ
-23.5318 -1.35 TD
0.0000 Tw
(harditti)Tj
8 0 0 8 919.2557 328.7045 Tm
0.0251 Tw
[(. Personal communication.)]TJ
-2.1589 -1.35 TD
-0.0307 Tw
[(LUISELLI, L. and AKANI, G. C., 1998 \(1999\). Aspects of the ecol-)]TJ
-1.063 -1.35 TD
0.3664 Tw
(ogy of )Tj
8 0 1.7005 8 922.8962 307.1045 Tm
0.3663 Tw
(Calabaria reinhardtii)Tj
8 0 0 8 1003.4293 307.1045 Tm
[(\(Serpentes: Boidae\) in southeastern)]TJ
-13.7436 -1.35 TD
0.0000 Tw
(Nigeria. )Tj
8 0 1.7005 8 923.4596 296.3045 Tm
0.0251 Tw
[(Herpetological Natural History)]TJ
8 0 0 8 1034.9386 296.3045 Tm
0.0000 Tc
[(6\(1\): 6571. )]TJ
-16.6193 -1.35 TD
0.2351 Tw
[(LUISELLI, L., AKANI, G. C., and CAPIZZI, C., 1998. Food)]TJ
-1.063 -1.35 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.0457 Tw
[(resource partitioning of a community of snakes in a swamp rainforest)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(of south-eastern Nigeria. )]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 982.0784 263.9045 Tm
[(J. Zool. Lond.)]TJ
8 0 0 8 1033.7996 263.9045 Tm
0.0000 Tc
[(246\(4\): 125133.)]TJ
-16.4769 -1.35 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.0384 Tw
[(LUISELLI, L., EFFAH, C., ANGELICI, F. M., ODEGBUNE, E.,)]TJ
-1.063 -1.35 TD
0.0347 Tw
[(INYANG, M. A., AKANI G. C., and POLITANO, E., 2002. Female)]TJ
T*
0.0260 Tw
[(breeding frequency, clutch size and dietary habits of a Nigerian popu-)]TJ
T*
0.2753 Tw
[(lation of Calabar Ground Python, )]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 1023.6083 220.7045 Tm
(Calabaria reinhardtii)Tj
8 0 0 8 1098.4836 220.7045 Tm
0.0001 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(. )Tj
8 0 1.7005 8 1104.6849 220.7045 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
(Herpeto-)Tj
-26.1136 -1.35 TD
0.0251 Tw
[(logical Journal)]TJ
8 0 0 8 946.7729 209.9045 Tm
0.0000 Tc
[(12\(3\): 127129. )]TJ
-5.5986 -1.35 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.2274 Tw
[(McDIARMID, R. W., CAMPBELL J. A., and TOURE, T. A.,)]TJ
-1.063 -1.35 TD
0.0000 Tc
0.0251 Tw
[(1999. )]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 915.8804 188.3045 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
[(Snake Species of the World. Vol. 1)]TJ
8 0 0 8 1037.5414 188.3045 Tm
[(. Herpetol. League, U.S.A.)]TJ
-16.9446 -1.35 TD
0.1645 Tw
[(RODRGUEZ, J. A., BELL, C. J., and GREENE, H. W., 1999.)]TJ
-1.063 -1.35 TD
0.0716 Tw
[(Gape size and evolution of diet in snakes: feeding ecology of erycine)]TJ
T*
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(boas. )Tj
8 0 1.7005 8 913.6862 155.9045 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
0.0252 Tw
[(J. Zool. Lond)]TJ
8 0 0 8 961.2073 155.9045 Tm
0.0000 Tc
[(. 248: 4958.)]TJ
-7.4029 -1.35 TD
0.0191 Tc
0.3560 Tw
[(ROSS, R. A. and MARZEC, G., 1990. )]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 1068.1884 145.1045 Tm
(The Reproductive)Tj
-21.5516 -1.35 TD
0.0199 Tc
0.3995 Tw
[(Husbandry of Pythons and Boas)]TJ
8 0 0 8 1022.9114 134.3045 Tm
0.3994 Tw
[(. Institute for Herpetological)]TJ
-16.1789 -1.35 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.0251 Tw
[(Research, Stanford, California.)]TJ
1.063 -1.35 TD
-0.0051 Tc
0.0132 Tw
[(SCHLEGEL, H., 1851. Description d'une nouvelle espce du genre)]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 893.4803 101.9045 Tm
-0.0050 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Eryx)Tj
8 0 0 8 910.2071 101.9045 Tm
(, )Tj
8 0 1.7005 8 914.0536 101.9045 Tm
-0.0051 Tc
-0.0091 Tw
(Eryx reinhardtii)Tj
8 0 0 8 969.1216 101.9045 Tm
-0.0049 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(. )Tj
8 0 1.7005 8 972.9681 101.9045 Tm
-0.0051 Tc
-0.0091 Tw
[(Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, Amsterdam)]TJ
8 0 0 8 1114.6709 101.9045 Tm
0.0050 Tc
0.0000 Tw
[(1)9.9(:)-235.6(13. )]TJ
-26.5858 -1.35 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.1838 Tw
[(STAUB, R., 2001. The Calabar Burrowing Boa/Python. )]TJ
8 0 1.7005 8 1110.8998 91.1045 Tm
0.0000 Tw
(Reptile)Tj
-26.8905 -1.35 TD
0.0251 Tw
(and Amphibian Hobbyist)Tj
8 0 0 8 984.5745 80.3045 Tm
0.0000 Tc
[(6\(6\): 3441.)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
8.85 0 0 8.85 861.201 52.7733 Tm
0.000 1.000 0.910 0.000 k
/GS2 gs
0.0556 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(REPTILIA)Tj
ET
0.000 1.000 0.910 0.000 K
0.521 w
885.220 60.720 m
909.240 60.720 l
912.018 60.720 914.270 58.468 914.270 55.690 c
914.270 52.922 912.018 50.670 909.240 50.670 c
861.200 50.670 l
858.422 50.670 856.170 52.922 856.170 55.700 c
856.170 58.468 858.422 60.720 861.200 60.720 c
h
898.582 52.773 m
S
BT
/F5 1 Tf
8.7 0 0 8.7 899.8262 52.8904 Tm
0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 k
/GS3 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(71)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
8.85 0 0 8.85 294.2718 52.7733 Tm
0.000 1.000 0.910 0.000 k
/GS2 gs
0.0556 Tc
(REPTILIA)Tj
ET
318.290 60.720 m
342.310 60.720 l
345.088 60.720 347.340 58.468 347.340 55.690 c
347.340 52.922 345.088 50.670 342.310 50.670 c
294.270 50.670 l
291.492 50.670 289.240 52.922 289.240 55.700 c
289.240 58.468 291.492 60.720 294.270 60.720 c
h
331.652 52.773 m
S
BT
/F5 1 Tf
8.7 0 0 8.7 332.897 52.8904 Tm
0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 k
/GS3 gs
-0.0001 Tc
(70)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 75.685 446.2875 Tm
0.1070 Tw
[(Another factor is food supply. It has been observed)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
-0.0123 Tw
[(that females ingest a lot of food during the breeding sea-)]TJ
T*
0.0726 Tw
[(son in order to reach a minimum breeding mass, which)]TJ
T*
0.0289 Tw
[(should be about 500 grams \(STAUB, 2001\). Therefore,)]TJ
T*
0.2489 Tw
[(it seems important to offer a lot of food during the)]TJ
T*
0.2114 Tw
[(breeding period between November and January. A)]TJ
T*
0.1696 Tw
(comprehensive breeding scheme for captive )Tj
10 0 2.1256 10 268.1538 373.8075 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Calabaria)Tj
-19.8405 -1.208 TD
-0.0001 Tc
(reinhardtii)Tj
10 0 0 10 113.2993 361.7275 Tm
0.0251 Tw
[(, is summarized in Table 3.)]TJ
-3.7614 -1.208 TD
0.0012 Tc
0.3738 Tw
[(Other factors which can stimulate a reproductive)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.0537 Tw
[(response include the presence of abundant water in the)]TJ
T*
0.1162 Tw
[(basin, the presence of many hiding places, and leaving)]TJ
T*
0.0000 Tc
0.0015 Tw
(the snakes absolutely undisturbed; also, the male should)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.2659 Tw
[(be left with the female for sufficient time \(STAUB,)]TJ
T*
0.0287 Tw
[(2001\) I think 812 weeks are reasonable. As already)]TJ
T*
0.0090 Tw
[(mentioned, temperature fluctuation seems to contribute)]TJ
T*
0.0899 Tw
[(to triggering a reproductive response; the photoperiod,)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(however, does not seem to be determinant.)]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
-0.0003 Tw
(It is very difficult to observe courtship and copulation.)Tj
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
-0.0293 Tw
[(After mating, the female is gravid for 110114 days, or in)]TJ
T*
0.1181 Tw
[(some cases as long as 150 days, during which time her)]TJ
25.937 55.568 TD
0.0781 Tw
[(posterior section increases in girth as the eggs develop.)]TJ
0 -1.208 TD
0.1024 Tw
[(The female usually stops eating 12 days before laying)]TJ
T*
0.0442 Tw
[(her eggs. It is advisable to provide a nest box \(contain-)]TJ
T*
0.1466 Tw
[(ing a mix of peat and sphagnum moss\), otherwise she)]TJ
T*
0.0668 Tw
[(will lay her large eggs in a depression in the damp sub-)]TJ
T*
0.0184 Tw
[(strate. According to STAUB \(2001\), the female usually)]TJ
T*
0.0225 Tw
[(lays eggs between February and June, having invested a)]TJ
T*
-0.0084 Tw
[(substantial amount of energy into the process typical-)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(ly 3545 percent of her pre-laying weight. )]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0301 Tw
[(Although the eggs seem huge at slightly more than 70)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0714 Tw
[(grams each, hatchlings weigh only 4050 percent of the)]TJ
T*
0.2451 Tw
[(original egg weight, suggesting that much of the egg)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(weight is simply water.)]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
-0.0210 Tw
[(The female lays 15 eggs \(average 3\) measuring 911.5)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0326 Tw
[(x 35 centimetres, and weighing 6575 grams. The eggs)]TJ
T*
-0.0207 Tw
[(are very flaccid and thin, and are very susceptible to fun-)]TJ
T*
0.2658 Tw
[(gus and putrefaction. Maternal care such as coiling)]TJ
T*
-0.0018 Tw
(around the clutch or body spasms to regulate incubation)Tj
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(temperature seems to be absent.)]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.1663 Tw
[(Incubation has been the great problem with captive)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
-0.0127 Tw
[(breeding of the African burrowing python. For artificial)]TJ
T*
0.1886 Tw
[(incubation, vermiculite, pieces of sponge, or a similar)]TJ
T*
-0.0004 Tc
-0.0037 Tw
(substrate material can be used. Unlike the eggs of other)Tj
T*
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(snakes, )Tj
10 0 2.1256 10 361.7749 494.6075 Tm
(Calabaria)Tj
10 0 0 10 407.8262 494.6075 Tm
-0.0001 Tc
0.1329 Tw
[(eggs require a relatively dry incuba-)]TJ
-8.1275 -1.208 TD
-0.0015 Tw
(tion medium. Some keepers suggest a medium-to-water)Tj
T*
0.0950 Tw
[(ratio of 2:1, but others consider this too wet. I recom-)]TJ
T*
0.0001 Tc
0.3749 Tw
[(mend adding no water to the substrate. Ambient)]TJ
T*
-0.0001 Tc
0.2476 Tw
[(humidity in the incubator \(80-95%\) already provides)]TJ
T*
0.0182 Tw
[(enough moisture for the eggs, and if the substrate is wet)]TJ
T*
0.1459 Tw
[(the eggs will die. The key to successful incubation of)]TJ
10 0 2.1256 10 326.5512 410.0475 Tm
0.0000 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(Calabaria)Tj
10 0 0 10 371.2565 410.0475 Tm
-0.0002 Tc
-0.0016 Tw
(eggs is dry substrate and high ambient humid-)Tj
-4.4705 -1.208 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.1275 Tw
[(ity. Incubation temperature should be 2931.5C \(84)]TJ
T*
0.2252 Tw
[(89F\) best results are at temperatures of 3031C)]TJ
T*
0.0252 Tw
[(\(8688F\) and should never drop below 26C \(79F\). )]TJ
0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.0099 Tc
-0.0074 Tw
[(Under these conditions, the incubation period is gen-)]TJ
-0.8504 -1.208 TD
0.2346 Tw
[(erally 4048 days, although it has occasionally been)]TJ
T*
-0.0291 Tw
[(only 3234 days. After breaking the shells, babies com-)]TJ
T*
0.1836 Tw
[(monly remain inside the eggs for 1848 hours, or as)]TJ
T*
0.0464 Tw
[(long as 96 hours \(STAUB, 2001\). Hatchlings measure)]TJ
T*
0.1547 Tw
[(2632 centimetres, weigh 1840 grams, and are more)]TJ
T*
-0.0223 Tw
[(colourful than adults. They soon start to eat live pinkie)]TJ
T*
-0.0335 Tw
[(mice, sometimes within 2 days of hatching, and shed for)]TJ
T*
0.2158 Tw
[(the first time within 2 weeks. The newborn snakes)]TJ
T*
0.0217 Tw
[(need to be kept warm with high humidity: they are not)]TJ
T*
0.2948 Tw
[(as tolerant of dry conditions as the adults. These)]TJ
T*
0.2163 Tw
[(pythons grow relatively fast and can reach breeding)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(size at 3 years of age.)]TJ
ET
0.000 0.000 0.300 0.000 k
/GS2 gs
793.930 676.320 183.860 -214.100 re
421.199 216.768 m
f*
BT
/F3 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 865.7881 660.7461 Tm
0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 k
/GS3 gs
-0.0517 Tc
0.1017 Tw
[(Ta)-73.8(b)-73.7(l)-74(e)-73.8( I)-73.9(V)18.2(.)]TJ
12 0 2.5507 12 834.587 644.7461 Tm
0.0221 Tc
0.0279 Tw
[(Calabaria reinhardtii )]TJ
12 0 0 12 826.6155 632.7461 Tm
(captive breeding data. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 801.5197 607.7461 Tm
0.0200 Tc
0.0250 Tw
[(Gestation period \(days\) )-2216.3(110114)]TJ
0 -1.7 TD
0.0252 Tw
[(Number of eggs )-6064.8(15 \(3\))]TJ
T*
[(Egg length \(cm\) )-6096.4(911.5)]TJ
T*
[(Egg weight \(grams\) )-4671.3(6575)]TJ
T*
0.0250 Tw
[(Incubation period \(days\) )-2270.2(4048)]TJ
T*
[(Incubation humidity \(%\) )-2180.6(8095)]TJ
T*
-0.0001 Tc
[(Incubation temperature \(C\) )]TJ
13.8754 0 TD
0.0201 Tc
0.0000 Tw
(3031)Tj
-13.8754 -1.7 TD
0.0199 Tc
0.0251 Tw
[(Newborn length \(cm\) )-3817(2632)]TJ
T*
[(Newborn weight \(grams\) )-2256.9(1840)]TJ
ET
1.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 K
1 w
/GS2 gs
793.930 676.320 183.860 -214.100 re
966.277 471.746 m
S
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